Cost-Effective Automated Hepatoxicity Testing Using In Vitro 3D Bioprinting

Hepatocytes were aggregated into 3D spheroids using a magnetic particle-based bioprinting technology. Aggregation in 96-well microplates was controlled by using a pin shaped magnet drive over the course of 48 hours. All cell plating and reagent additions for hepatotoxicity testing were automated using a cost-effective liquid handling system which provided suitable dose responses from known hepatotoxins.