Human Biomonitoring: Attogram Level Sensitivity and Consequences for Analytical Standards Purity

The objectives of human exposure assessment to environmental chemicals are to quantify the magnitude, duration, frequency and routes of exposure, and to characterize and enumerate the exposed population. Biomonitoring is an assessment of the internal dose by measuring a toxicant (or its metabolite or protein adduct) in human blood, urine, milk, saliva, adipose tissue, or other tissues. This application note describes a biomonitoring approach providing a direct measure of exposure that integrates exposures from multiple pathways and sources.