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DNA methylation is an epigenetic event in which DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) catalyze the reaction of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide. This modification helps to control gene expression and is also involved in genomic imprinting, while aberrant DNA methylation is often associated with disease. 5-methylcytosine is a modified base that is found in the DNA of plants and vertebrates. A second type of DNA methylation exists, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hydroxy methylcytosine, 5-hmC). This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of cytosine oxygenases. Iterative activity of TET on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine results in the conversion of 5-hmC into 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. An increase in levels of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine are detected in the mouse male pronucleus following fertilization, which is gradually diluted by DNA replication.