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IL-1 was one of the first cytokines to be described. The IL-1 family consists of three members including IL-1α, IL-1ß and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). IL-1α and IL-1ß produce similar or identical biological responses and IL-1Ra is an endogenous inhibitor that blocks and buffers IL-1α and IL-1ß actions. Each family member is expressed by a variety of cells including monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes and other epithelial cells. IL-1α is retained inside of the cell or is expressed on the cell surface and acts as an autocrine messenger, while IL-1ß is secreted. IL-1α and IL-1ß elicit a broad range of actions including induction of fever, hypotension, stimulation of thymocyte proliferation, B-cell maturation and proliferation, mitogenic FGF-like activity and the ability to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells. Binding of IL-1α by ALF-161 neutralizes the biological effects of IL-1α.