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Histone H3 is one of the core components of the nucleosome. The nucleosome is the smallest subunit of chromatin and consists of 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of core histone proteins (two each of Histone H2A, Histone H2B, Histone H3 and Histone H4). Histone H1 is a linker histone, present at the interface between the nucleosome core and DNA entry/exit points. Histone H1 is responsible for establishing higher-order chromatin structure. Chromatin is subject to a variety of chemical modifications, including post-translational modifications of the histone proteins and the methylation of cytosine residues in the DNA. Reported histone modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, ADP-ribosylation, carbonylation and SUMOylation; these modifications play a major role in regulating gene expression. The methylation of histones can occur on two different residues: arginine or lysine. Histone methylation can be associated with transcriptional activation or repression, depending on the methylated residue. Lysine 27 of histone H3 can be mono-, di- or trimethylated by different histone methyltransferases such as EZH2 or NSD3. Methylation of this residue is mainly associated with transcriptional repression.