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Perforin is a 70 kD N-glycosylated modified cytolytic protein. Following synthesis and post-translational modifications, perforin monomers are packaged into lysosome-like cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Both types of cells kill their cellular targets by mechanisms that require direct contact between the effector and target cells. Cytoplasmic granule toxins, predominantly perforin, and a family of structurally related serine proteases (granzymes) with various substrate specificities are secreted by exocytosis and together induce apoptosis of the target cell. Perforin is one of the major effector molecules used by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells to mediate targeted cell lysis.*Alexa Fluor and Pacific Blue are registered trademarks of Molecular Probes, Inc.