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TGF-beta and the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are key signaling proteins that regulate numerous cellular processes such as embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Both signal through the Smad protein family and are negatively regulated by Ski and SnoN, two related proto-oncoproteins. Ski functions by binding to the Smad proteins activated by TGF-beta and the (BMPs) and preventing their phosphorylation, inhibiting their ability to bind DNA and activate the transcription of downstream genes. SkiP was originally identified as a Ski-interacting protein and was later found to augment the signals induced by TGF-beta but inhibit transcription induced by BMP-2 in C2C12 cells, suggesting that SkiP is a key player in the signaling cascades inititated by TGF-beta and the BMP protein family.